01
Introduction
Tokenized stocks need more than issuance. They need markets built for how their underlying assets trade. Liquidity must work across market hours, fragmented listings, and different settlement systems.
A liquidity provider (LP) supplies assets for traders to buy and sell. When a pool quotes behind the wider market, arbitrageurs trade against that stale price. The LP supplies the inventory and bears the repricing cost.
Wick combines a trading venue, an arbitrage operation, and a shared revenue model. The venue makes liquidity useful across several instruments; the desk captures price differences; their economics accrue to the same protocol. Wick is built to earn from the markets it creates and reinvest in making those markets better.
$2.48B
Tokenized-stock value onchain
~$27B
Monthly tokenized-stock transfer volume
15.2B
US listed options contracts, 2025
$1.76T
Lighter cumulative perp notional
The harder problem is building onchain markets that can quote, route, and hedge these assets the way equities actually trade. That means protecting LPs from value lost to arbitrage bots and traders from sandwich attacks, while giving investors the control over execution and exposure they expect from an equity trading desk. Putting a stock onchain should expand what its holder can do with it.
Sources & measurement
- RWA.xyz — Tokenized stocks
Value and monthly transfer activity · 24 Aug 2026 snapshot. Transfers are not exchange trading volume.
- OCC — Annual 2025 volume
US listed options contracts cleared · full year 2025.
- DeFiLlama — Lighter
Cumulative perpetuals notional · recorded research snapshot, not a live counter.
02
Wick AMM
wAMM (Wick AMM) is Wick's state-of-the-art AMM. It brings the control of an equity trading desk to tokenized stocks, with orderbook-style execution and familiar instruments built directly on liquidity. A trader’s working orders become part of the market’s depth, available to the same flow as any other position.
wAMM combines custom liquidity shapes with control at every price level: whether fees compound or remain claimable, and whether a fill locks in or the position continues as normal liquidity. A single position can express a strategy across the market, accumulating below spot, making a market around it, and taking profit above.
All of it appears as familiar orderbook depth. Internal arbitrage keeps prices aligned with the wider market in real time, pursuing smaller discrepancies without waiting for a move large enough to cover an outside arbitrageur’s fees. Traders get an actively priced market with direct control over how their liquidity participates.
LP protection
Fees should respond to the risk of providing liquidity. A venue cannot sustain deep markets if the capital behind them is consistently underpaid. LP protection is therefore central to execution quality: traders need liquidity that has an economic reason to stay through changing market conditions.
Wick’s predictive dynamic fee algorithm is designed to make that commitment worthwhile. By pricing risk ahead of arbitrage, it aims to keep more of the value of each market move with LPs. Liquidity can earn compensation for standing in the market, while ordinary trading stays competitive when the risk subsides.
Internal arbitrage extends that protection beyond fees. Wick captures spreads that outside bots would otherwise keep, returning value to the liquidity and protocol behind the market. The proposition is a stronger business for market makers: more of the activity they facilitate contributes to their returns.
Fee recapture and arb profit are two parts of the same total. What changes on Wick is who keeps each part. On Wick, the majority is captured as fees for LPs and internalized arb adds to that return.
Fee + Arb = IL P&L ≈ −IL + fees (+ internalized arb on Wick)
How LPs recapture repricing value
Fee + Arb = IL. The stacked bars are that one total. Who receives each slice changes; the size of the total does not.
P&L ≈ −IL + fees + internalized arb ≈ 0 on this channel
Research note: fees, arbitrage, and liquidity asymmetry
Loss-versus-rebalancing (LVR) measures execution cost relative to a rebalancing benchmark. Wick’s model splits per-event repricing value into fees and arbitrage profit. In this model, fees grow linearly with overshoot and arbitrage profit grows quadratically.
How each arbitrage event splits
At this overshoot, the fee channel books 76% of the event; the arbitrageur keeps 24%.
The fixed-total comparison holds the volatility scenario constant. It illustrates who receives the modeled value; it does not predict pool returns or establish that fees have no effect on real trading behavior.
How fees change the modeled split
No fees (f = 0)
Low fee (0.05%)
High fee (0.30%)
same total
Total LVR is fixed. Fees only change the split.
Cross-venue arbitrage is also a depth story. What the arbitrageur gains equals what both venues lose combined; moving liquidity between venues changes who pays, not the total. The shallower side absorbs most of the price impact.
Liquidity asymmetry: who bears the arb cost
100:1 depth → shallow side takes the hit
At a conservative 100:1 CEX/DEX liquidity ratio, the DEX bears about 99.1% of the arb cost and the CEX about 0.9%. That is why Wick internalizes arbitrage rather than only widening fees: without an in-house path, CEX-driven flow is a subsidy from DEX LPs to the deeper venue.
Modeling in Transaction Costs, Liquidity, and Fee Retention in AMMs reports 86–95% of extraction can be recaptured and up to 91–97% per-event capture at observed depths.
Limit orders
An order should have access to the market’s flow. On Wick, a resting order participates as real liquidity. Aggregators can route swaps through it as they would through an ordinary pool position, bringing execution opportunities beyond the traders using Wick’s own interface.
Combined with internal arbitrage keeping prices aligned across venues, that makes the order part of an actively traded market. The objective is fair, efficient fills when its price is reached, with fees earned on execution. Traders gain the discipline of a limit order without giving up access to routed liquidity demand.
Limit orders on bin liquidity
Click bins to toggle fill · Play to simulate price across bins
A completed fill can remain an exit, even if the market reverses. That gives traders a reliable way to express a trading decision through liquidity, rather than continuously manage a position to preserve it.
Options
A stock market needs a market for exposure, not just ownership. Investors use options to hedge a portfolio and trade a view without simply buying or selling the underlying. US listed options cleared a record 15.2 billion contracts in 2025, up 24.4% from 2024.
Wick’s approach is to make option-like exposure part of the same productive liquidity that supports the venue. A position can earn from trading while expressing a payoff. This gives the market another use for its capital, rather than asking a separate options venue to bootstrap liquidity from scratch.
Settlement across bins
The strategic value is a more complete market around each asset: investors can shape exposure, and liquidity can serve more than spot execution. The precise payoff depends on the position and settlement rules.
Research note: demand and pricing the exposure
Options demand extends across stocks and portfolios
OCC · US listed options · Annual contracts, excluding futures
2025 contracts
15.207B
+24.4%
from 12.224B in 2024
- Equity
- 8.270B
- ETF
- 5.680B
- Index
- 1.258B
Source and methodology
OCC annual volume · Published January 5, 2026
2025: 15,207,163,554 contracts; 2024: 12,224,227,606. Growth is OCC’s reported year-over-year figure. Displayed billions are rounded. This measures established options demand, not projected tokenized-options volume.
Demand spans individual stocks and portfolios. Wick’s opportunity is to support those uses as assets move onchain, with capital that can serve execution and exposure together.
For the terminal-payoff rule illustrated here, paths ending at the same price have the same settlement payoff. Their trading income and repricing costs can differ along the way.
Spot steps through bins over time
Illustrative terminal-payoff rule: the same final price gives the same payoff; more trading can change costs and fees.
Liquidity depth is not a pricing distribution. The strike interaction below values a call against an illustrative terminal distribution, with value normalized to the lowest displayed strike.
Pricing from the terminal distribution
Relative call value at this strike: 12% of the value at K = 140. This normalized comparison holds the illustrative pricing distribution fixed; a higher strike reduces the call value.
Index markets
A growing equity market should not require an isolated stockpile of capital for every pair. Fragmented pools force liquidity providers to decide where their inventory will sit before demand arrives. Index markets let one basket support trading across its constituents, putting the portfolio to work wherever it is needed.
One basket, many constituent markets
Index vault
Temporary market
Trader
USDCUSDC → NVDA
For Wick, this changes the economics of adding markets. More listings can draw on a shared capital base rather than compete for separate allocations. For LPs, the unit of participation becomes a coherent basket with many sources of trading demand.
Tokenized equities are a natural focus for this approach because portfolio construction already sits at the center of how they are owned and traded. Shared inventory brings that portfolio logic into market making.
Research note: why pair selection matters
Our research explores whether correlated relative prices can limit endpoint displacement while retaining fee-generating movement. Correlation does not guarantee bounded drift or profitable liquidity provision.
How much relative-price movement persists?
SCL research · Jan 2021–Aug 2026 · 250-observation horizon
Dimensionless variance ratio. The dotted reference at 1.0 represents free diffusion; lower values indicate less persistent displacement in this sample.
- BTC/USD
- 1.09
- BTC/ETH
- 0.86
- AAPL/MSFT
- 0.61
- USDC/USDT
- 0.01
consistent with free relative diffusion
partial common-factor cancellation
long-horizon compression
strong normal-regime confinement signal
Source and methodology
SCL · Why Pair Choice Matters for AMM Profitability
Spherical Cow Labs, “Why Pair Choice Matters for AMM Profitability,” Jan 2021 – Aug 2026 daily closes. Descriptive point estimates, not precision rankings; standard-error scale ≈ 0.40–0.48 at 250 observations under the free-diffusion null. No pair-specific confidence intervals are supplied. A lower ratio indicates less endpoint variance relative to accumulated short-horizon variance, not lower total risk or a guaranteed return.
These point estimates have substantial uncertainty. They describe research, not future returns or a requirement of the index-market mechanism. See Why Pair Choice Matters for AMM Profitability.
propAMM
Execution should reflect the market an asset belongs to. For tokenized stocks, price discovery extends beyond any one pool. propAMM uses a personalized oracle optimized for flow to bring that pricing approach into onchain execution.
Price from a personalized oracle
Trader
Submits an order
Personalized oracle
Flow-optimized quote sets the pool price
Pool
On-chain settlement
The purpose is to compete on the quality of the quote. By giving market makers a pricing path beyond reserve-only curves, Wick can support markets whose execution needs differ while keeping settlement onchain.
Solana offers evidence that onchain quotes can attract substantial flow in an established market. For Wick, the opportunity is to bring that competition on execution quality to tokenized stocks.
Research note: Solana execution and volume
Onchain execution at centralized-market scale
Jump Crypto · March 2026 · SOL dollar-pair volume
- Solana PropAMM cohort
- $19.87B
- Four centralized venues combined
- $19.22B
SOL/USDC + SOL/USDT
SOL dollar pairs · same month
- Binance
- $10.56B
- Coinbase
- $3.67B
- OKX
- $2.52B
- Bybit
- $2.46B
Execution quality · SOL/USDC fills
- Median distance from best CEX midpoint
- 0.72 bps
- Fills below the institutional-cost benchmark
- 91.9%
Benchmark: 2.57 bps · spread + exchange fee
Source and methodology
Jump Crypto · Published April 15, 2026
Operator research: Jump operates BisonFi. Cohort volume covers SOL/USDC and SOL/USDT; the centralized comparison covers SOL dollar pairs. Source-reported CEX total is $19.22B; rounded exchange figures sum to $19.21B.
SOL/USDC execution is measured against the best composite CEX midpoint. The 2.57 bps benchmark includes spread and the most favorable institutional exchange fee tiers. PropAMM costs exclude optional aggregator and frontend fees.
The fill percentage is count-weighted, not a volume share. These category observations are not Wick results or a volume projection.
The study connects competitive execution with meaningful trading scale. It supports the case for the market structure; Wick still has to earn its own flow through the quality of its quotes.
03
Arbitrage & HFT
Wick operates the market and trades the opportunities it creates. Tokenized equities are fragmented across issuers, venues, and settlement systems. Keeping those listings priced as one market is valuable work. Wick makes that work part of its business.
Internal arbitrage turns a cost paid to outsiders into value retained within the venue. LPs receive support from the activity their liquidity enables, while the protocol earns from keeping its markets competitive. Execution quality and revenue generation reinforce each other. Protocol revenue from that activity accrues to sWICK and can fund WICK buybacks.
Spread capture stays inside Wick
The wider desk extends that advantage across venues. Inventory, hedging, and access to issuance and redemption can make price differences tradable where an onchain-only bot cannot close both sides. Wick is building the operating capability to serve fragmented equity markets, alongside the venues on which they trade.
Research note: observed trading activity
In this pool sample, professional participants generated almost all volume. Understanding that flow matters to fee policy and execution.
Professional flow accounts for almost all sampled volume
SCL research · 826,740 swaps · Mar 23–May 12, 2026
96.9%
Identified market makers and other professional flow
- Identified market makers
- 81.8%
- Other professional flow
- 15.1%
- Other low-frequency flow
- 3.1%
~0.04% classified as retail is included within the 3.1% low-frequency group. It is not a fourth segment.
Source and methodology
SCL · Two concentrated-liquidity pools
Spherical Cow Labs analysis of 826,740 swaps across two concentrated-liquidity pools, 23 Mar – 12 May 2026. Market makers were identified by recipient address; professional flow includes addresses making more than 50 trades per day. Genuine retail is a subset of low-frequency flow and is shown separately for scale. Sampled pool volume, not network-wide activity. Frequency-based classifications describe this sample; professional activity is not synonymous with toxic flow or proven arbitrage.
The opportunity is to make an active market economically useful to its liquidity providers. The sample identifies who traded; it does not establish that every professional trade was arbitrage.
Protocol-owned active liquidity management
Wick can put its own capital behind the execution it wants to offer. Active market making improves depth where traders need it; predictive fees and internal arbitrage give the protocol more ways to earn from maintaining that depth.
Protocol-owned ALM recapture
This is an operating advantage, not simply another vault product. Wick coordinates liquidity, pricing, and trading within the same business. The aim is to make better execution economically sustainable, so growth can support deeper markets rather than require a permanent subsidy.
Research note: active liquidity economics
Concentrating capital can improve depth near the market. When quotes fall behind, the same capital can also become an attractive counterparty for informed flow. Fees must be assessed against that execution cost.
How rebalancing can erode returns
Illustrative adverse-flow scenario. The split and falling path are conceptual, not measured returns.
Protocol ownership lets Wick coordinate the liquidity position with the operation repricing it. The return depends on what the combined business retains after paying its costs.
Who retains the repricing value
Illustrative allocation, not measured percentages. LP fees and protocol arbitrage are separate flows; inventory exposure remains.
A tighter range can increase working depth, but may also require more turnover and hedging. Range selection should follow observed net outcomes, rather than an assumed universal optimum.
Choosing how tightly to deploy capital
Conceptual curves, independently normalized. They show competing pressures, not forecast returns or an optimal range.
Fee income and retained arbitrage must cover inventory, execution, and operating costs. The strategy succeeds when coordinating the market and its liquidity improves what remains after those costs.
wLIT and wLLP extend that operating base. Pooled LIT can support capacity and execution access across Wick, while liquid wrappers make the underlying capital easier to hold and use. A resource acquired for one product can improve the economics of the others.
04
sWICK
sWICK is the shared revenue sink for the Wick business. Wick is building a brand of financial products whose success accrues to the same holders. Each product can address a different market while adding to a common source of revenue.
That gives expansion a consistent purpose. A new product can bring customers, improve the use of existing capital, and create another source of fees. Its protocol revenue joins the same sink. Holders participate in the growth of Wick as a business, rather than having to choose a new token for every product.
The products reinforce each other before revenue reaches sWICK. Trading needs liquidity; liquidity benefits from better execution; pooled LIT supports capacity and access. Building these capabilities together lets Wick carry its capital, distribution, and operating experience into the next market.
That strategy extends to future primitives enabled by holding LIT. As Lighter opens new opportunities for builders, Wick intends to leverage wLIT to be positioned to create these products. Wick's Lighter expansion will depend on the primitives available there, with new protocol revenue intended for the same sWICK sink.
Dividends and capital gains serve different holders. Someone seeking income can take revenue as rewards; someone investing in Wick’s growth can compound through WICK buybacks. sWICK brings both preferences into one asset, so the business can grow without imposing one payout policy on everyone.
Wick is built for how stocks actually trade. Onchain equities open the possibility of markets where investors have greater control over their capital and a greater share in the value it creates. Wick’s ambition is to make trading onchain feel as familiar and capable as the equity markets investors already know.